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Command Window This will be the main area where commands could be entered on the command line. It is indicated by the command prompt.
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Command History This panel shows or rerun commands which can be entered for the command line.
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MATLAB matrix laboratory can be a fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization and programming.
MATLAB is manufactured by MathWorks.
It allows matrix manipulations; plotting of functions and data; implementation of algorithms; development of user interfaces; interfacing with programs coded in other languages, including C, C, Java, and FORTRAN; analyze data; develop algorithms; and make models and applications.
It has numerous built-in commands and math functions which help you in mathematical calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.
MATLAB is employed in every component of computational mathematics. Following are a few commonly used mathematical calculations where it is needed most commonly
It is often a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and content management.
It also has an interactive environment for iterative exploration, design and problem solving.
It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential equations.
It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.
MATLAB s programming interface gives development tools for improving code quality maintainability and maximizing performance.
It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces.
It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages for example C, and Microsoft Excel.
MATLAB is popular as a computational tool in science and engineering encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, math and many types of engineering streams. It is utilized in a selection of applications including
Setting up MATLAB environment can be a matter of few clicks. The installer obtainable from here
MathWorks affords the licensed product, an effort version plus a student version too. You need to log in the site and wait somewhat for their approval.
After downloading the installer the software program can be installed through few clicks.
MATLAB development IDE is usually launched from your icon created within the desktop. The main working window in MATLAB is termed the desktop. When MATLAB begins, the desktop appears in their default layout
Current Folder This panel permits you to access the project folders and files.
Command Window This would be the main area where commands might be entered on the command line. It is indicated by the command prompt.
Workspace The workspace shows every one of the variables created and/or imported from files.
Command History This panel shows or rerun commands which are entered on the command line.
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1. An Engineers Guide to MATLAB
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3. An Engineers Guide to MATLAB With Applications from Mechanical, Aerospace, Electrical, Civil, and Biological Systems Engineering Third Edition Edward B. Magrab Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Shapour Azarm Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Balakumar Balachandran Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD James H. Duncan Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Keith E. Herold Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Gregory C. Walsh Leica Geosystems, Inc., San Ramon, CA Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
4. VP/Editorial Director, Engineering/Computer Science: Marcia J. Horton Assistant/Supervisor: Dolores Mars Senior Editor: Tacy Quinn Associate Editor: Dee Bernhard Director of Marketing: Margaret Waples Senior Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Marketing Assistant: Mack Patterson Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Project Manager: Greg Dulles Senior Operations Supervisor: Alan Fischer Production Manager: Wanda Rockwell Creative Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Media Editor: Daniel Sandin Composition: Integra Printer/Binder: Courier Companies, Inc. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed using sources and reproduced, with permission, in this particular textbook be visible on appropriate pages within text. Copyright 2011, 2005, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured inside United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission needs to be obtained through the publisher ahead of any prohibited reproduc- tion, storage in a very retrieval system, or transmission of all sorts or the slightest bit, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permissions make use of material with this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN 13: 978-0-13-199110-1 ISBN 10: 0-13-199110-8 MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The Mathworks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill, Natick MA 01760-2098. Many from the designations by manufacturers and seller to differentiate their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear with this book, as well as the publisher was mindful of a trademark claim, the designations happen to be printed in initial caps or all caps.
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7. Contents List of Examples xv Preface to Third Edition xxi 1 Introduction 1 Edward B. Magrab 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Organization from the Book and Its Goals 2 1.1.2 Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB 2 1.1.3 Book Notation Conventions 3 1.2 The MATLAB Environment 3 1.2.1 Introduction 3 1.2.2 PreliminariesCommand Window Management 5 1.2.3 Executing Expressions through the MATLAB Command WindowBasic MATLAB Syntax 8 1.2.4 Clarification and Exceptions to MATLABS Syntax 11 1.2.5 MATLAB Functions 14 1.2.6 Creating Scripts and Executing Them through the MATLAB Editor 19 1.3 Online Help 29 1.4 The Symbolic Toolbox 32 1.5 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 1 41 Exercises 42 2 Vectors and Matrices 51 Edward B. Magrab 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Definitions of Matrices and Vectors 52 2.3 Creation of Vectors 53 2.4 Creation of Matrices 64 2.5 Dot Operations 83 2.6 Mathematical Operations with Matrices 92 2.6.1 Addition and Subtraction 92 2.6.2 Multiplication 92 2.6.3 Determinants 101 2.6.4 Matrix Inverse 104 2.6.5 Solution of an System of Equations 107 2.7 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 2 112 Exercises 113 vii
8. 3 Data Input/Output 127 Edward B. Magrab 3.1 Strings and Annotated Output 127 3.1.1 Creating Strings 127 3.1.2 Converting Numerical Values to Strings and Displaying Them 130 3.2 Entering Data with input 135 3.2.1 Entering a Scalar with input 135 3.2.2 Entering a String with input 136 3.2.3 Entering a Vector with input 137 3.2.4 Entering a Matrix with input 137 3.3 Input/Output Data Files 137 3.4 Cell Arrays 141 3.5 Input Microsoft Excel Files 143 3.6 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 3 144 Exercises 145 4 Program Flow Control 148 Edward B. Magrab 4.1 IntroductionThe Logical Operator 148 4.2 Control of Program Flow 151 4.2.1 BranchingIf Statement 151 4.2.2 BranchingSwitch Statement 154 4.2.3 For Loop 155 4.2.4 While Loop 162 4.2.5 Early Termination of Either a for or possibly a while Loop 166 4.3 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 4 166 Exercises 167 5 Function Creation and Selected MATLAB Functions 172 Edward B. Magrab 5.1 Introduction 173 5.1.1 Why Use Functions 173 5.1.2 Naming Functions 174 5.1.3 Length of Functions 174 5.1.4 Debugging Functions 174 5.2 User-Defined Functions 175 5.2.1 Introduction 175 5.2.2 Function File 175 5.2.3 Subfunctions 181 5.2.4 Anonymous Functions 183 5.2.5 inline 184 5.2.6 Comparison with the Usage of Subfunctions, Anonymous Functions, and inline 185 viii Contents
9. 5.3 User-Defined Functions, Function Handles, and feval 186 5.4 MATLAB Functions that Operate on Arrays of Data 187 5.4.1 Introduction 187 5.4.2 Fitting Data with Polynomialspolyfit/polyval 188 5.4.3 Fitting Data with spline 190 5.4.4 Interpolation of Datainterp1 192 5.4.5 Numerical Integrationtrapz 193 5.4.6 Area of the Polygonpolyarea 195 5.4.7 Digital Signal Processingfft and ifft 196 5.5 MATLAB Functions that Require User-Defined Functions 201 5.5.1 Zeros of Functionsfzero and roots/poly 202 5.5.2 Numerical Integrationquadl and dblquad 207 5.5.3 Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equationsode45 212 5.5.4 Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equationsbvp4c 217 5.5.5 Numerical Solutions of Delay Differential Equationsdde23 231 5.5.6 Numerical Solutions of One-Dimensional ParabolicElliptic Partial Differential Equationspdepe 233 5.5.7 Local Minimum of your Functionfminbnd 235 5.5.8 Numerical Solutions of Nonlinear Equationsfsolve 238 5.6 Symbolic Solutions and Converting Symbolic Expressions into Functions 240 5.7 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 5 246 Exercises 247 6 2D Graphics 265 Edward B. Magrab 6.1 Introduction: Graphics Management 266 6.2 Basic 2D Plotting Commands 269 6.2.1 Introduction 269 6.2.2 Changing a Graphs Overall Appearance 281 6.2.3 Special Purpose Graphs 281 6.2.4 Reading, Displaying, and Manipulating Digital Images 288 6.3 Graph Annotation and Enhancement 291 6.3.1 Introduction 291 6.3.2 Axes and Curve Labels, Figure Titles, Legends, and Text Placement 291 6.3.3 Filling Regions 294 6.3.4 Greek Letters, Mathematical Symbols, Subscripts, and Superscripts 296 6.3.5 Altering the Attributes of Axes, Curves, Text, and Legends 299 6.3.6 Positioning One Figure Inside Another Figure 304 Contents ix
10. 6.3.7 Interactive Plotting Tools 306 6.3.8 Animation 307 6.4 Examples 309 6.5 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 6 318 Exercises 319 7 3D Graphics 338 Edward B. Magrab 7.1 Lines in 3D 338 7.2 Surfaces 341 7.3 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 7 369 Exercises 370 8 Engineering Statistics 377 Edward B. Magrab 8.1 Descriptive Statistical Quantities 377 8.2 Probability Distributions 383 8.2.1 Discrete Distributions 383 8.2.2 Continuous Distributions 387 8.3 Confidence Intervals 397 8.4 Hypothesis Testing 401 8.5 Linear Regression 404 8.5.1 Simple Linear Regression 404 8.5.2 Multiple Linear Regression 408 8.6 Design of Experiments 415 8.6.1 Single-Factor Experiments: Analysis of Variance 415 8.6.2 Multiple-Factor Factorial Experiments 419 8.7 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 8 435 Exercises 436 9 Dynamics and Vibrations 445 Balakumar Balachandran 9.1 Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies 446 9.1.1 Planar Pendulum 446 9.1.2 Orbital Motions 447 9.1.3 Principal Moments of Inertia 450 9.1.4 Stability of any Rigid Body 451 9.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Vibratory Systems 454 9.2.1 Introduction 454 9.2.2 Linear Systems: Free Oscillations 456 9.2.3 Linear Systems: Forced Oscillations 462 9.2.4 Nonlinear Systems: Free Oscillations 469 9.2.5 Nonlinear Systems: Forced Oscillations 478 x Contents
11. 9.3 Systems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom 481 9.3.1 Two-Degree-of-Freedom Systems: Free and Forced Oscillations 481 9.3.2 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 495 9.4 Free and Forced Vibrations of EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko Beams 499 9.4.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko Beams 499 9.4.2 Forced Oscillations of EulerBernoulli Beams 509 9.5 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 9 513 Exercises 514 10 Control Systems 524 Gregory C. Walsh 10.1 Introduction to Control System Design 525 10.1.1 Tools for Controller Design 527 10.1.2 Naming and File Conventions 528 10.2 Representation of Systems in MATLAB 528 10.2.1 StateSpace Models 530 10.2.2 Transfer-Function Representation 535 10.2.3 Discrete-Time Models 538 10.2.4 Block Diagrams and SIMULINK 542 10.2.5 Conversion Between Representations 546 10.3 Response of Systems 547 10.3.1 Estimating Response from Systems 548 10.3.2 Estimating Response from Poles and Zeros 551 10.3.3 Estimating Systems from Response 558 10.4 Design Tools 560 10.4.1 Design Criteria 561 10.4.2 Design Tools 564 10.5 Design Examples 573 10.5.1 Notch Control of an Flexible Pointer 574 10.5.2 PID Control of your Magnetic Suspension System 582 10.5.3 Lead Control of your Inverted Pendulum 589 10.5.4 Control of the Magnetically Suspended Flywheel 596 10.6 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 10 605 Exercises 606 11 Fluid Mechanics 614 James H. Duncan 11.1 Hydrostatics 614 11.1.1 Pressure Distribution from the Standard Atmosphere 615 11.1.2 Force on the Planar Gate 616 Contents xi
12. 11.2 Internal Viscous Flow 621 11.2.1 Laminar Flow within a Horizontal Pipe with Circular Cross Section 621 11.2.2 Downward Turbulent Flow inside a Vertical Pipe 622 11.2.3 Three Connected Reservoirs 624 11.3 External Flow 626 11.3.1 Boundary Layer upon an Infinite Plate Started Suddenly from Rest 626 11.3.2 Blasius Boundary Layer 628 11.3.3 Potential Flow 631 11.3.4 Joukowski Airfoils 636 11.4 Open Channel Flow 641 11.5 Biological Flows 646 Exercises 648 12 Heat Transfer 659 Keith E. Herold 12.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 660 12.1.1 Transient Heat Conduction in a very Semi-Infinite Slab with Surface Convection 660 12.1.2 Transient Heat Conduction in the Infinite Solid Cylinder with Convection 662 12.1.3 Transient One-Dimensional Conduction that has a Heat Source 664 12.2 Convection Heat Transfer 668 12.2.1 Internal Flow Convection: Pipe Flow 668 12.2.2 Thermal Boundary Layer using a Flat Plate: Similarity Solution 672 12.2.3 Natural Convection Similarity Solution 677 12.3 Radiation Heat Transfer 682 12.3.1 Radiation View Factor: Differential Area to Arbitrary Rectangle in Parallel Planes 682 12.3.2 View Factor Between Two Rectangles in Parallel Planes 685 12.3.3 Enclosure Radiation with Diffuse Gray Walls 687 12.3.4 Transient Radiation Heating of the Plate inside a Furnace 690 Exercises 692 13 Optimization 702 Shapour Azarm 13.1 Definition, Formulation, and Graphical Solution 703 13.1.1 Introduction 703 13.1.2 Graphical Solution 703 13.2 Linear Programming 706 13.3 Binary Integer Programming 709 xii Contents
13. 13.4 Nonlinear Programming: Unconstrained and Curve Fitting 710 13.4.1 Unconstrained Optimization 710 13.4.2 Curve Fitting: One Independent Variable 713 13.4.3 Curve Fitting: Several Independent Variables 715 13.5 Nonlinear Programming: Constrained Single Objective 719 13.5.1 Constrained Single-Variable Method 719 13.5.2 Constrained Multivariable Method 721 13.5.3 Quadratic Programming 730 13.5.4 Semi-Infinitely Constrained Method 732 13.6 Multiobjective Optimization 736 13.7 Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization 742 13.8 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 13 751 Exercises 752 14 Biological Systems: Transport of Heat, Mass, and Electric Charge 769 Keith E. Herold 14.1 Heat Transfer in Biological Systems 770 14.1.1 Heat Transfer in Perfused Tissue 770 14.1.2 Thermal Conductivity Determination 773 14.2 Mass Transfer in Biological Systems 775 14.2.1 Bicarbonate Buffer System 775 14.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood 778 14.2.3 Oxygen Transport in Blood 779 14.2.4 Perfusion Bioreactor 782 14.2.5 Supply of Oxygen into a Spherical Tumor 786 14.2.6 Krogh Cylinder Model of Tissue Oxygenation 789 14.3 Charge Transport in Biological Systems 796 14.3.1 HodgkinHuxley Neuron Model 796 14.3.2 HodgkinHuxley Gating Parameters 797 14.3.3 HodgkinHuxley Model with Step Function Input 802 14.3.4 Action Potential 804 Exercises 807 Index 813 Contents xiii
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15. List of Examples Chapter 1 1.1 Usage of MATLAB functions 18 1.2 Flow within a circular channel 27 1.3 Determination of curvature 37 1.4 Maximum response amplitude of any single-degree-of-freedom system 39 Chapter 2 2.1 Analysis in the elements of the vector 64 2.2 Creation of the special matrix 74 2.3 Rearrangement of submatrices of the matrix 75 2.4 Vector exponentiation 84 2.5 Creation of matrix elements 86 2.6 Polar to Cartesian coordinates 87 2.7 Summing a sequence 88 2.8 Approximation for the normal cumulative distribution function 89 2.9 Convergence of the series 90 2.10 Evaluation with the hyperbolic secant 91 2.11 Polar to Cartesian coordinates revisited 95 2.12 Mode shape of an circular membrane 96 2.13 A solution to your Laplace equation 97 2.14 Summation of the Fourier series 100 2.15 Eigenvalues of your oscillating spring-mass system 102 2.16 Transformation of any polynomial 103 2.17 Equation of an straight line determined from two distinct points 104 2.18 Inverse of any matrix 105 2.19 Symbolic inverse of an matrix 106 2.20 Solution of any system of equations 108 2.21 Temperatures inside a slab 109 2.22 Current flowing in a electrical resistor circuit 110 2.23 Static deflection of your clamped square plate 110 2.24 Symbolically obtained Euler transformation matrix 111 Chapter 4 4.1 Fatigue strength factors 153 4.2 Selecting among four views of any surface 155 4.3 Creation of the sequentially numbered matrix 156 4.4 Dot multiplication of matrices 157 xv
16. xvi List of Examples 4.5 Analysis on the amplitude response of an two degree-of-freedom system 157 4.6 Example 2.2 revisited 158 4.7 Total interest of an loan 159 4.8 Equivalent implementation of find 160 4.9 Equivalent implementation of cumsum 161 4.10 Specification in the elements of the array 161 4.11 Sorting a vector of numerical values in ascending order 162 4.12 Ensuring that data are input correctly 162 4.13 Convergence of the series 163 4.14 Approximation to p 164 4.15 Multiple root finding using interval halving 164 Chapter 5 5.1 Neubers constant to the notch sensitivity of steel 189 5.2 Fitting data with an exponentially decaying sine wave 190 5.3 First zero crossing connected with an exponentially decaying sine wave 192 5.4 Area connected with an exponentially decaying sine wave 193 5.5 Length of your line in space 194 5.6 Fourier transform of your sine wave 198 5.7 Cross correlation of two pulses 200 5.8 Lowest five natural frequency coefficients of the clamped beam 206 5.9 Zero of an function expressed as being a series 207 5.10 Determination of area and centroid 208 5.11 Area connected with an exponentially decaying sine wave revisited 209 5.12 Response of the single degree-of-freedom system into a ramp forcenumerical solution 209 5.13 Probability of two correlated variables 211 5.14 Natural convection along a heated vertical plate 214 5.15 Pendulum absorber 215 5.16 Displacement of your uniformly loaded Euler beam 222 5.17 Displacement of an uniformly loaded Euler beam by having an overhang 223 5.18 Displacement of the Euler beam subjected to your point load 226 5.19 Displacement connected with an Euler beam having a step improvement in cross section 227 5.20 Lowest natural frequency coefficient of your Euler beam clamped at each side 229 5.21 Machine tool chatter in turning 232 5.22 Response of any single degree-of-freedom system with a ramp force 237 5.23 Inverse kinematics 239 5.24 Intersection of an parabola along with an ellipse 239 5.25 Inverse Laplace transform 241 5.26 Evaluation of any convolution integral as well as its characteristics 242
17. List of Examples xvii 5.27 Symbolic solution of algebraic equations 243 5.28 Symbolic solution of your differential equation 244 5.29 Symbolic solution utilised by several different functions 245 Chapter 6 6.1 Response of an single degree-of-freedom system to periodic forcing 305 6.2 Animation of an slidercrank mechanism 308 6.3 Polar plot: far field radiation pattern of any sound source 309 6.4 Displaying and labeling multiple curves: notch sensitivity for steel 311 6.5 Stability of the loaded structure 312 6.6 Nontraditional histogram 313 6.7 Frequency response functions of any two degree-of-freedom system 315 6.8 Sudoku: Drawing squares 317 Chapter 7 7.1 Drawing wire-frame boxes 339 7.2 Sine wave drawn around the surface of your cylinder 341 7.3 Drawing wire-frame boxes: coloring the lamp surfaces 357 7.4 Intersection of your cylinder along with a sphere plus the highlighting in their intersection 358 7.5 Natural frequencies of your beam hinged at each side and restrained by way of a spring in an interior point 359 7.6 Enhancing 2D graphs with 3D objects 361 7.7 Generation of planes along with their projections 363 7.8 Rotation and translation of 3D objects: Euler angles 366 Chapter 8 8.1 Determination of several statistical quantities 379 8.2 Probability of getting airplanes airborne 385 8.3 Adequacy of hospital resources 387 8.4 Verification with the normality of web data 391 8.5 Normal distribution approximation to your Poisson and binomial distributions 393 8.6 Verification that data could be represented using a Weibull distribution 395 8.7 Two-sided confidence limits 399 8.8 Test for statistical significance in the mean as well as the variance 402 8.9 Regression analysis 406 8.10 Multiple regression analysis 411 8.11 Single-factor analysis of variance 417 8.12 Two-factor analysis of variance 421
18. xviii List of Examples 8.13 Three-factor analysis of variance: stiffness of fiberglassepoxy beams 423 8.14 Analysis of any 24 factorial experiment 429 8.15 Analysis of your 24 factorial experience one replicate 432 Chapter 9 9.1 Orbital motions for several initial conditions 448 9.2 Principal moments of inertia 450 9.3 Stability of the rigid body 452 9.4 Oscillations of an single degree-of-freedom system for given initial velocity and initial displacement 457 9.5 Estimate of damping factor through the logarithmic decrement 459 9.6 Machine Tool Chatter 460 9.7 Estimation of natural frequency and damping factor for any damped oscillator 464 9.8 Curve fitting with the amplituderesponse function 464 9.9 Single-degree-of-freedom system confronted with periodic pulse train forcing 466 9.10 System with nonlinear spring 469 9.11 System with Coulomb damping 472 9.12 System with piecewise linear springs 475 9.13 Two-degree-of-freedom system subjected to a initial velocity 485 9.14 Impulse and step responses of an two-degree-of- freedom system 486 9.15 Amplituderesponse function of any two-degree-of-freedom system 489 9.16 Optimal parameters to get a vibration absorber 491 9.17 Half sine wave base excitation of an two-degree-of-freedom system 493 9.18 Natural frequencies and mode shapes of the three-degree-of-freedom system 496 9.19 Natural frequencies and mode shapes of an four-degree-of-freedom system 497 9.20 Natural frequencies and modes shapes of EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko beams with attachments 504 9.21 Impulse response connected with an EulerBernoulli beam 511 Chapter 10 10.1 Statespace model of your servomotor 531 10.2 Step response of any servomotor 534 10.3 Conversion of the continuous-time model with a discrete-time model 540 10.4 Tracking error of any motor control system 549 10.5 Response of an DC motor to initial conditions 550
19. List of Examples xix 10.6 Step response of first-order system to a variety of pole locations 551 10.7 Step response of second-order system to a selection of pole locations 552 10.8 Effects of zeros near poles of your second order system 556 10.9 Masking of modal dynamics 557 10.10 Controller design to fulfill rise a serious amounts of percentage overshoot criteria 565 Chapter 11 11.1 Temperature and pressure variation being a function of altitude 615 11.2 Properties of your reservoir 618 11.3 Laminar flow within a pipe that commences from rest 621 11.4 Flow rate in a very pipe 623 11.5 Flow rates from three connected reservoirs 625 11.6 Acceleration of your liquid layer 627 11.7 Laminar boundary layer with a flat plate 630 11.8 Streamline pattern using contour 633 11.9 Direct calculation of streamlines 634 11.10 Flow more than a Joukowski airfoil 638 11.11 Uniform channel by having an overfall 642 11.12 Reservoir discharge 644 11.13 Laminar pulsatile flow in the pipe 646 Chapter 12 12.1 Transient heat conduction a serious amounts of temperature distributions in a very semi-infinite solid 661 12.2 Transient heat conduction in the infinite solid cylinder with convection 663 12.3 One-dimensional transient heat transfer with source 666 12.4 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow in the pipe 670 12.5 Heat transfer from your flat plate: Blasius formulation 674 12.6 Natural convection along a heated plate 679 12.7 View factor for just a differential area and also a finite rectangle in parallel planes 683 12.8 View factor between two parallel rectangles 686 12.9 Total heat transfer rate of your rectangular enclosure 689 12.10 Transient radiation heating of your plate within a furnace 691 Chapter 13 13.1 Equilibrium position of any two-spring system 703 13.2 Production planning 707 13.3 Oil refinery profits 708 13.4 Loading of the knapsack 709 13.5 Equilibrium position of the two-spring system revisited 711 13.6 Bottom of your bottle 712
20. 13.7 Stressstrain relationship 714 13.8 Stressstrain relationship revisited 716 13.9 Semiempirical PvT relationship 716 13.10 Mineral exploration 717 13.11 Piping cost in a very plant 720 13.12 Maximum volume of your closed box 720 13.13 Two-bar truss 722 13.14 Helical compression spring 723 13.15 Gear reducer 727 13.16 Production planning revisited 731 13.17 Planar two-link manipulator 733 13.18 Vibrating platform 738 13.19 Production planning revisited 741 13.20 Loading of your knapsack revisited: single objective with binary variables 744 13.21 Two-bar truss revisited: single objective with continuous variables 745 13.22 Two-bar truss revisited: multiobjectives with continuous variables 747 13.23 Two-bar truss revisited: single objective with continuous and discrete variables 748 Chapter 14 14.1 Ablation of an spherical tumor 770 14.2 Determination from the thermal conductivity of the biological material 774 14.3 Carbonic acid titration curve 777 14.4 Blood calculations 780 14.5 Perfusion bioreactor 784 14.6 Oxygen diffusion within a small tumor 787 14.7 Krogh cylinder model using a parabolic blood velocity profile 792 14.8 Display of HodgkinHuxley gating parameters 799 14.9 Step input to HodgkinHuxley model 802 14.10 HodgkinHuxley action potential 805 xx List of Examples
21. Preface to Third Edition In going in the previous edition for this third edition, we now have made many significant changes. A new chapter, Biological Systems: Transport of Heat, Mass, and Electric Charge, has become added. To make room because of this new material, Chapter 8, Machine Design, in the previous edition may be removed. In Chapter 1, Introduction, more details within the setup of user preferences and also the use on the MATLAB editor are given, along with the number of exercises has become significantly increased. Also, the Symbolic toolbox may be moved to the chapter. In Chapter 5, Function Creation and Select- ed MATLAB Functions, the section coping with the differential equation solvers now includes the delay differential equations solver dde23 along with the one-dimensional parabolicelliptic partial differential equations solver pdepe. In addition, the variety of examples for your ordinary differential equations solver bvp4c is expanded to increase illustrate its wide applicability. Chapter 6, 2D Graphics, contains twice the amount of special-purpose graph functions, more material around the enhancement of graphs, and many new examples replacing those found in the second edition. Chapter 9, Vibrations, may be extensively revised and expanded to add a wider selection of applications. Chapter 13 Optimization, has additionally been expanded to show the use from the new Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search toolbox. Overall, the book is refreshed to reflect the authors collective experiences with MATLAB, to introduce the newest enhancements which might be available inside the MATLAB editor, and to add some with the new functions that have already been introduced since last edition. Overall, the examples, exercises, and MATLAB functions presented within the book have already been increased by greater than book now contains 190 numbered examples, almost 300 exercises, and over 375 MATLAB functions that happen to be illustrated. The programs with this edition are actually run on Version 2009a. NEW TO THE EDITION Text was revised and tested throughout with the latest version of the program: release 2009a A new chapter continues to be added: Biological Systems: Transport of Heat, Mass, and Electric Charge 25% increase in variety of examples, exercises, and Matlab functions Range of applications increased to add in biology and electrical engineering Chapter 5 Function Creation and Selected Matlab Functions now includes the delay differential equations solver dde23 along with the one-dimensional parabolic- elliptic partial differential equations solver pdepe. xxi
22. Expanded coverage in Chapter 9 Vibrations provides for a wider choice of applications. Chapter 13 Optimization may be expanded to show the use from the new Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search toolbox. We have also created additional resources with the instructor and for that user. In addition to some solution manual that's available to instructors, we also give a set of PowerPoint slides over the material presented in Chapters 17. For the user from the book, we have now created M files of the many numbered examples in each chapter. These ancillary materials could be accessed on the publishers Web site. E. B. MAGRAB B. BALACHANDRAN J. H. DUNCAN K. E. HEROLD G. C. WALSH College Park, MD xxii Preface to Third Edition
23. 1 Introduction Edward B. Magrab 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Organization on the Book and Its Goals 2 1.1.2 Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB 2 1.1.3 Book Notation Conventions 3 1.2 The MATLAB Environment 3 1.2.1 Introduction 3 1.2.2 PreliminariesCommand Window Management 5 1.2.3 Executing Expressions on the MATLAB Command WindowBasic MATLAB Syntax 8 1.2.4 Clarification and Exceptions to MATLABs Syntax 11 1.2.5 MATLAB Functions 14 1.2.6 Creating Scripts and Executing Them through the MATLAB Editor 19 1.3 Online Help 29 1.4 The Symbolic Toolbox 32 1.5 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 1 41 Exercises 42 The characteristics in the MATLAB environment and MATLABs basic syntax are introduced. 1.1 INTRODUCTION MATLAB, which derives its name from Matrix Laboratory, is really a computing language dedicated to processing data within the form of arrays of numbers. MATLAB integrates computation and visualization in to a flexible computer environment, and 1
24. 2 Chapter 1 Introduction an easy family of built-in functions that could be utilised in a straightforward manner to have numerical solutions to some wide selection of engineering problems. 1.1.1 Organization in the Book and Its Goals The primary goal of the book is always to enable the reader to come up with readable, compact, and verifiably correct MATLAB programs that obtain numerical solutions with a wide selection of physical and empirical models and display the outcomes with fully annotated graphics. The book can be found in several ways: To learn MATLAB As a companion to engineering texts As a reference for obtaining numerical solutions with a wide variety of engineer- ing problems As a way to obtain applications of any wide variety of MATLAB solution techniques The level in the book assumes that particular has some fluency in calculus, linear algebra, and engineering mathematics, can employ the engineering procedure for problem solving, and it has some expertise in using mathematical models to predict the response of elements, devices, and systems. These qualities play a crucial role in creating programs that function correctly. The book has two interrelated first part includes Chapters 17, which introduces the basic principles of MATLAB syntax and commands and structured programming techniques. The second part, comprising Chapters 814, makes extensive use in the first seven chapters to have numerical ways of engineering problems for just a wide choice of topics. In several these topical areas, MATLAB toolboxes are employed extensively to lessen programming complexity so that certain can obtain numerical methods to engineering problems of varying numbers of difficulty. In particular, we illustrate the use from the Controls toolbox in Chapters 9 and 10, Simulink in Chapter 10, the Optimization toolbox in Chapter 13, the Statistics toolbox in Chapter 8, and also the Symbolic toolbox in Chapters 15 and 9. 1.1.2 Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB Listed below are a handful of suggestions on how to make use of the MATLAB environment to effectively create MATLAB programs. Write scripts and functions in the text editor and save them as conserves time, save the code, and greatly facilitate the debugging process, specifically MATLAB Editor is needed. Use the Help files extensively. This will minimize errors attributable to incorrect syntax and also by incorrect or inappropriate application of the MATLAB function. Attempt to lessen the volume of expressions comprising a course. This usually leads with a trade-off between readability and compactness, but it really can
25. Section 1.2 The MATLAB Environment 3 encourage the hunt for MATLAB functions and procedures which could per- form some on the programming steps faster plus much more directly. When practical, use graphical output being a program is now being developed. This usually shortens the code development process by identifying potential coding errors which enables it to facilitate the understanding from the physical process being mod- eled or analyzed. Most importantly, verify by independent shows that the output on the pro- gram is correct. 1.1.3 Book Notation Conventions In order to facilitate the recognition from the significance of variable names as well as the origin of numerical values; that's, whether are input values or output results, the subsequent font conventions are used. 1.2 THE MATLAB ENVIRONMENT 1.2.1 Introduction When the MATLAB program is launched, four windows appear as shown in Figure 1.1. The upper right-hand window could be the Workspace window, which displays a list with the variables which the user has currently defined along with their properties. The center window will be the MATLAB Command window. The lower right-hand window could be the Command History window, which displays all entries made inside command window during each session. A session would be the interval relating to the start of MATLAB and it is termination. The serious amounts of date appear before each list in this particular window to point out when these entries began being recorded. It can be a convenient strategy to review past sessions and recapture previously used command histories are maintained until it can be cleared utilizing the Clear Command History selec- tion in the Edit menu. Similar choices exist with the Workspace and for that Command windows. These latter two clearing operations will likely be discussed subse- quently. The left-hand window displays the files inside current directory. To bring in the MATLAB Editor/Debugger, which offers the preferred way to create and run programs, one clicks around the white rectangular icon that Variable/Function Name Font Example User-created variable Times Roman ExitPressure, a2, sig MATLAB function Courier coshx, pi MATLAB reserved word Courier for, switch, while User-created function Times Roman Bold BeamRootsa, x, k Numerical Value Font Example Provided in program Times Roman 5.672 Output to command window or to your graphical display Helvetica 5.672
26. 4 Chapter 1 Introduction Figure 1.1 MATLAB default windows. appears under File inside left uppermost corner from the window. This results inside configuration shown in Figure 1.2. Other windows could be employed and is usually accessed on the View menu. To eliminate any with the windows, simply close it by clicking about the in its respective upper right-hand corner. One approach to config- ure these windows is to work with only the command window along with the editor window and call the other windows if needed. One such configuration these two windows is shown in Figure 1.3. Upon restarting MATLAB, the machine will keep this in mind configuration which arrangement in the windows will show up. Figure 1.2 MATLAB default windows and also the Editor.
27. Section 1.2 The MATLAB Environment 5 Figure 1.3 MATLAB command window left along with the Editor just after closing the command history, current directory, and workspace windows and opening the Editor. 1.2.2 PreliminariesCommand Window Management During any MATLAB sessionthat is, during whenever until the program is exited MATLAB retains rolling around in its memory essentially the most recently obtained values of variables defined by each expression that is either typed from the command window or evaluated at a script file, unless the clear function is invoked. The clearing in the variables within the workspace can be provided by by selecting Clear Workspace in the Edit pull-down menu, as shown in Figure 1.4. The clear function deletes all of the variables from numerical values of late assigned to these variables can be found anytime through the session providing clear hasnt been utilised by simply typing the variables name or by employing it in a expression. Typing performed inside the MATLAB command window remains within the window and may be accessed by scrolling back before scrolling memory has become exceeded, after which the earliest entered information is lost. However, the expres- sions evaluated from your execution of an script file will not be available inside the command window, although variable names in addition to their numerical values can be found as indicated inside the preceding record of previously typed expressions inside the command window may be removed by going for the Edit pull-down menu for the top in the MATLAB command window and selecting Clear Command Window, which clears the MATLAB command window, but will not delete the variables, which may have to be removed by utilizing clear. Refer to Figure 1.4. One could also pay off the command window by typing clc within the command window. In addition, the copy and paste icons may be used either to reproduce previously typed expressions within the current active line within the MATLAB command window as well as to paste MATLAB expressions from your MATLAB command window to the Editor or the other way around.
28. 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Figure 1.4 Edit pull-down menu selections. For a directory what variables are actually created because the last employing clear, one either types whos from the MATLAB command window or goes for the pull-down View menu and selects Workspace, which opens a window with this particular infor- mation. Either method reveals the names from the variables, their size, the volume of bytes of storage that many variable uses, as well as their class: double 8 byte numerical value, that's discussed in Chapter 2; string literal, that's discussed in Section 3.1; symbolic, that's discussed in Section 1.4; cell, that's discussed in Section 3.4; or function, and that is discussed in Section 5.2. The Workspace window could be unlocked from the default location by clicking within the icon next to the rolling around in its upper right-hand corner. When is done with your window, it could be minimized making sure that this information is readily available for that next time. To make the numbers that include the command window more readable, MATLAB offers a number of options with the format functions which can be particularly useful are format compact and format long e The former removes empty blank lines and also the latter gives a toggle on the default format of 5 digits to some format with 16 digits including a 3-digit format long e choices useful when debugging scripts that produce numbers that either change by smaller amounts or vary spanning a wide toggle back towards the default settings, one types the command format short
29. Section 1.2 The MATLAB Environment 7 Figure 1.5 Preferences menu selection for command window format. These attributes can even be changed by selecting Preferences through the File pull- down menu and selecting Command Window as shown in Figure 1.5. The changes are then produced by selecting the desired format from your list of available different formats which might be available are classified by Table 1.1. Two keyboard entries that happen to be very useful are Ctrl and c simultaneously and Ctrl and p simultaneously. Application of places within the MATLAB
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