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This learners guide is really a long term project inspired by twelve many years of teaching computers. The guide has been developed and updated as time permits.
Keywords and technical terms come in bold.
Please make use of this guide and present the URL address to friends who're starting out. There can be a page to supply feed-back towards the end.
To undergo this tutorial utilize Back or Next buttons towards the top or bottom of every page or jump into a specific page with all the drop-down menu at the summit of the page.
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Last update: March 20, 2012
Should the Introduction to Computers include a video version?
This Blog boasts a huge assortment of various lectures notes, slides, ebooks in ppt, pdf and html format in every subjects. My aim should be to help students and faculty to download study materials at one place.
An breakdown of the basics of private computing and data technologies intended primarily for college kids majoring in humanities, social and behavioral sciences, or business management. Topics include principles of private single-user computers, office automation, and data in a modern, networked multi-user computing environment. May not be taken for credit as well as EST 100 or after any CSE or ISE course.
Provide a conceptual perception of how computers and software work.
Introduce students to important classes of applications such as text editors, spreadsheets, and databases.
Explain principle architecture and technologies in the Internet.
Exploring the Digital Domain - An Introduction to Computers and Information Fluency, 2nd Edition
by Kenneth Abernethy J. Thomas Allen
System Programming Instructor: Prof. Shie-Yuan Wang Course description: Presentation from the construction of countless system
Artificial Intelligence Slides Lecturers: S. Autexier, Ch. Benzm
Vikas Publishing House, a respected name in degree publishing, focuses on the publication of academic and reference books inside areas of engineering, management, computer science, education and humanities. Titles from Vikas are recommended in top business schools, technical universities, engineering colleges, and undergraduate and postgraduate courses around India.
Sanghi is Former Director, FORE School of Management, currently is
Vikas offers unparalleled editorial expertise and resources, plus a commitment to promote each book through strong and focused strategies, through every viable distribution channel.
This book covers the necessities of computer science and Information Technology from good computing to developments within the Internet, e-mail, www, multimedia, virtual reality etc. An indispensable textbook for those introductory courses in computer science. Covers the syllabi of assorted courses including BCA, Computer Science, BE, PGDCA, IGNOU, ICWAI, ICAI, MBA, DOEACC, and the like. Equally well suited for general readers attempting to have an in-depth expertise in computing fundamentals.
Introduction to MVS, UNIX, Windows NT, Windows 98, Mac OS, DOS, and Linux
Introduction to BASIC, COBOL, C, C, FORTRAN, Pascal and Java
Computer Viruses, Bombs and Worms
Denotes mandatory field.
The software packages are the information how the computer uses to have the job done. Software has to be accessed before it can be employed. There are lots of terms employed for process of accessing software including running, executing, opening, opening, among others.
Computer programs allow users to finish tasks. A program can even be referred to as a credit application and the two words are being used interchangeably.
As well any document which you create, graphic you design, sound you compose, file you're making, letter you are submitting, email you signal or anything you create on your hard drive is termed as software. All software program is stored in files.
Software is stored with a disk, card, tape or one from the dozens of other storage devices available.
There are numerous different texts available for virtually every conceivable need. Software is available commercially through stores and teleordering and also available around the Internet. Software is made available through an Open Source license that allows anyone to make use of the Open Source software at no cost as long because license is maintained. If you cant chose the application which you need software development companies can information software available for you.
The largest software companies offer packages of software or suites that are included with many with the programs how the average person or company needs. Software packages or suites contain programs that work well together and share information, making it easier to blend that information in versatile ways. For example when writing directions you can get the mailing address from url book, add a letterhead coming from a graphics program and included a fiscal chart at a spreadsheet and combine this assortment of information inside the body on the letter.
Commercial software comes prepackaged and it is available from software stores and from the Internet.
Shareware is software produced by individual and small businesses that cannot afford to promote their software all over the world or by way of a company that desires to release a demonstration version with their commercial product. You will come with an evaluation period where you can decide whether or not to purchase the product or otherwise. Shareware software often is disabled somehow and has a notice mounted on explain the legal requirements for working with the product.
Open Source applications are created by the collaboration of programmers cooperating. Open source programs tend to be open for that you contribute to and also the end products of open source projects are usually released for public use. Open Source software programs are not public domain in the company or person who develops the program retains ownership in the program but it can be used freely. Many popular Open Source applications are now being developed and upgraded regularly by individuals and firms that believe within the Open Source concept. There is ordinarily a copyright realize that must remain together with the software product and it is similar to freeware.
Freeware is put together by generous programmers and developers and released is distributed freely, usually accompanied a copyright notice and terms of use that must remain together with the software product. Freeware is often free for that you use and distribute as long as the copyright notice and terms remain while using software.
All computers require some sort of Operating System OS. The most modern home computers use some sort of Microsofts os. The original Microsoft os was called DOS Disk Operating System though most computers use Windows. Windows also comes in various versions beginning from version 3.x then 95, 98, ME, XP, Vista and currently version 7. A few computers use IBMs O/S2. Apples Mac use their own os beginning with OS 1 by means of OS In the past large companies and institutions would produce an operating system design mainly for them but as being the commercial systems become more sophisticated the advantages of this practice is starting to become less apparent. Some computer professionals, Internet Service Providers ISP and mainframe users use an operating system for instance UNIX or possibly a variant like Linux, Windows NT or 2000 Win2k or one with the other network or server based os.
There are numerous smaller os's out there. The problem is that software currently is being developed simply for the main os's and only the most recent versions of the OS. Many older computers with unique os have a lot of software already developed for them but there is however very little new software being developed for your older computers. The older systems are more unlikely to offer tech support team than the more modern systems.
The main system controls the input and output or directs the flow of knowledge to and from your CPU. Much of this is performed automatically from the system yet it's possible to change and dictate your system you need to.
When you turn your pc on it first should load the computer sometimes referred into a booting up. Basically laptop starts on your own every time you turn the facility on.
It checks it's components and definately will usually display some text if there can be a problem. Loading the machine is usually automatic.
Once the computer is loaded the consumer can start the application form or program actually going to utilize.
Most people will run Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux as their main system. These OS are Graphic User Interface GUI that permits the user to manage or run your computer using a Mouse and Icons. The user simply moves the mouse on the flat surface, rolls the trackball, or moves their spend the touchpad to manage a pointer. They then select the option they really want by pressing some control or tapping the material.
Without a GUI anyone controls the pc using the keys around the keyboard. This is called a Command Line Interface CLI
Disks and cards are utilized to store information. All information about computers is saved in files. The size of data is measured in bytes.
A byte comprises of 8 bits. A bit is an on or perhaps an off signal which passes with the computers circuitry. Every software package can be divided into a compilation of on or off signals or its Binary Code.
Disk undoubtedly are a common strategy for transporting information like bringing files home from work or sharing files. Floppy disks have grown to be less useful as file sizes increase and Compact disks CDs, Flash drives and Digital Video Devices DVDs have gotten more popular. Most software packages are sold on the CD. Internal Hard disks would be the most common storage device.
Compact disks or CDs can store large amounts of info. One disk will store 650 Mb. One type is really a CD-ROM which is short for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. Another type is usually a CD-RW which is short for Compact Disk - Read/Write. CD drives can copy information or burn information on to some blank CD. Common Read Only CD blanks can just be written to once though costlier Read/Write CDs can be utilized over and over again.
DVD disks can store 4.5 GB on standard disk, 8 GB over a dual layer disk and 16 GB on the blue-ray disk.
Digital recorders enable you to store large files, like movies, on the single disk.
Hard disks keep the majority of info on todays modern computer. Some in the first hard disk drive stored 10 to 40 MB. Today a standard hard drive can store 1000 GB or 1 TB terabyte this number is continually increasing. Information might be stored and deleted as necessary. As files get larger the pace that hard disks can understand and write are more important.
Solid-state drives, Flash drives or Memory cards range in dimensions. Unlike disk drives there won't be any moving parts.
Floppy disk or diskette can be purchased in two basic sizes; 5.25 inch and 3.5 inch. Both have a decreased and high density versions though 3.5 inch high density disks include the most common. Due to low storage capacity most advanced computers are not designed wth a floppy disk drive.
There a variety of other storage devices including tape, portable disk drives and there are others. Innovation in storage technology is advancing rapidly plus some technologies are getting to be obsolete.
Information is saved in an electromagnetic form comparable to a cassette or video tape.
Note: Keep electromagnetic storage devices clear of strong electric or magnetic fields including x-rays. Be aware of high electromagnetic areas inside room including televisions, speakers, high tension wires, Use disks only at room temperature whilst them away from direct sunlight. If possible avoid passing electromagnetic storage devices through airport x-rays. In theory information stored using a disk last indefinitely though the physical storage device will break with usage and time so you'll want to back up copy your important files into a second storage device.
Computers, laptops along with the Internet have already been part of my well being since I was for a young age.
p The article is extremely useful for everyone not onlt the beginers/p p Thank you for the task well done, however there is certainly still room to have an update/p p nbsp;/p
Terrible explanation of difference between software program programs and os's.
Last update: December 6, 2013
ASCII assigns the numbers 0 through 127 to 128 characters, such as upper and lower case alphabets, numerals 0 through 9 besides other special characters
in practice, 8 bits one byte are utilized, the excess bit could be used to extend the code to 128 extra characters, or it merely may be redundant
by using binary notation, these codes could be converted into decimal numbers
counting from your right, the 8 bits are numbered 0 through 7, and signify as follows:
inside ASCII code system, code number 85 can be an upper case U
thus to hold a U, the device stores a byte using the bit pattern 01010101
in ASCII, characters 0 through 32 often perform special functions
character 7, 00000111, would be the BEL character and rings a bell if received by many terminals or devices
character 12, 00001100, will be the FF character and creates a form feed new page if received by many printers
ASCII characters include the dominant cause for communication between different systems, and communication with peripherals
powerful computers could possibly have several processors handling different tasks, however, there will need to be one central processing unit money flow of instructions and data from the subsidiary processors
the amount stored is measured in bits, bytes, Kbytes K, Kb, 103 bytes, Megabytes Mb, 106 bytes, Gigabytes Gb, 109, Terabytes Tb, 1012
main memory or internal or primary memory is crucial for the operation on the computer, all data and
fastest access - any byte is usually accessed equally rapidly random access, hence stage system RAM
temporary - since data and instructions are kept in main memory as electrical voltages, power failures result in the loss of all data in primary memory
secondary memory or auxiliary memory or secondary storage is used by large, permanent or semi-permanent files
input devices include keyboards, mice, trackballs, digitizers, disk drives
output devices include screens, printers, plotters
permanent won't disappear when power is deterred, though data could be erased and modified
dismountable devices may be removed for storage or shipping, include:
up to at least one.44 Megabytes for PC - random access
access is sequential, not random
can take minutes to attain a particular group of data around the tape, according to where it truly is stored
random access, though the delay in reaching confirmed item of data might be 1 second or maybe more
a volume can be a single tape, CD, diskette or fixed disk, an actual unit of storage
a file is usually a logical number of data - a table, document, program, map
files are identified inside directory by name, size, date of creation and frequently type of contents
a program is often a sequence of related instructions, performed one step for a time with the CPU to complete some task
programs figure out how computers react to input, what is going to be displayed and output
there are three kinds of programs: systems, language interpreters and compilers and applications programs
in multi-user systems, os's manage user having access to the processor and peripherals and schedule jobs
IBM PCs and clones use MS-DOS called DOS, although there may be some movement to OS/2
UNIX and other operating systems for instance AIX, XENIX would be the dominant os for workstations
mainframes commonly use proprietary operating systems created by their manufacturers - VMS on DECs VAX series, PRIMOS on Prime, CMS on IBM mainframes, etc.
although functions performed by os are similar, it might be very difficult to move files or software from a single to another
many software applications run under only one computer, or have substantially different versions for different systems
since computers run on electricity and binary operations, all instructions executed by computers have to be provided for the CPU in machine code
however, humans don't need to interact with computers as of this level
programs might be written in very specialized languages, called assemblers, that allow programmers to look at advantage in the specific capabilities of particular machines by addressing the essential operations directly
most programs are made using standard advanced languages for example C, Pascal, FORTRAN, BASIC that are common across most personal computers, from micro to mainframe
although dangerous languages are often used from the development of application packages like GIS, it really is normally compiled for specific platforms before distribution towards the public
includes GIS, word processors, spreadsheets, statistics packages and graphics programs, airline reservation systems, payroll systems
well-known word processors with the IBM PC include Wordstar, WordPerfect and Microsoft Word
are packages built to create, edit, manipulate and analyze data
to be suited to a database, your data must incorporate records which provide home elevators individual cases, people, places, features, etc.
each record from the class of streets might have fields for name, length, surface, type.
field contents could be of many types - numeric or text, fixed or variable length
an airline reservation database may have the following classes of records and associated items: passengers: name, phone, flight numbers aircraft: type, number plate, quantity of seats crew: names of pilot, copilot, cabin crew, home city flight: number, departure and arrival times, aircraft
creating and editing records, using customized screens
printing reports summarizes of multiple records, using customized report forms, including subtotals and totals
linking records, to ascertain arrival time for the passenger by linking the passengers record together with the correct flight record
network, hierarchical and relational will vary ways of modeling data in a database
although all three are being used, the relational model continues to be most successful within GIS
well-known relational database management systems RDBMSs include dBase, Oracle, Info
many databases utilize the same language, SQL Standard Query Language, for formulating queries
column and row totals, percentages etc. are automatically updated as data products are changed
database functions, including editing, printing reports
capabilities for graphic output, particularly graphs but a majority of also produce maps
common mainframe packages are SAS, SPSS, BMD
Maguire, , 1989. Computers in Geography, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Current reviews and comparisons of various hardware and software are published frequently, particularly with the DOS environment in magazines for example Byte and PC Magazine.
Numerous texts are offered at various quantities of sophistication for os's, editors, compilers and common applications programs.
1. Compare the information storage needs of a the details which will be transmitted with the EOS satellites in the 1990s, that may generate approximately 1 Terabyte/day, b the US Bureau with the Censuss TIGER files of street networks, which cost you about 10 Gigabytes and are also updated every several years, and c a database of 100 Megabytes devised for use within a one-time environmental impact study
2. User expectations about data volumes rise at the very least as rapidly because capacity of accessible storage devices. Discuss.
3. Why do you think the pc industry has become unable to agree on the common main system? or single source language?
4. Describe the functional differences between databases, spreadsheets and statistical packages. Which would be more ideal for a research inside a university department, b administrative record-keeping in the small business, c personal budget planning?
This unit supplies a brief breakdown of computer hardware and software. We have included this unit to assist those whorrrre teaching students without the need of computer background. However, any introductory course within the use of micro- computers may well have covered this fabric already. Binary notation is introduced here. A knowledge on the binary numbering system and conversion to decimal is needed simply for Units 35, 36 and 37 but it's useful for college students to be aware of this fundamental topic.
hardware - the machinery, including:
computer information is coded, manipulated and stored by utilization of an exclusive two-state condition
in English such two-state forms of knowledge can include yes/no, on/off, open/closed, hole/no hole
in simple electronic terms this two-state condition may be translated for your computer into switch open/switch closed, meaning that there may be electricity passing from the circuit/there may be no electricity passing from the circuit
if one switch provides two different datum, the amount of data are we able to obtain from two switches?
in computer terminology, this two state condition is represented in binary notation from the use of 1s and 0s
thus, two switches produce four codes - 00, 01, 10, 11
three switches produce eight codes - 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
current PCs use 8, 16 and 32 bit paths
to maximize efficiency, most computers store data in their unique internal formats
however, transfer of knowledge requires the utilization of standard codes which can be understood by all systems
ASCII assigns the numbers 0 through 127 to 128 characters, like the upper and lower case alphabets, numerals 0 through 9 as well as special characters
in practice, 8 bits one byte are employed, the excess bit could be used to extend the code to 128 extra characters, or it merely may be redundant
by using binary notation, these codes could be converted into decimal numbers
counting from your right, the 8 bits are numbered 0 through 7, and signify as follows:
inside ASCII code system, code number 85 can be an upper case U
thus to hold a U, the device stores a byte with all the bit pattern 01010101
in ASCII, characters 0 through 32 often perform special functions
character 7, 00000111, will be the BEL character and rings a bell if received by many terminals or devices
character 12, 00001100, may be the FF character and creates a form feed new page if received by many printers
ASCII characters include the dominant cause of communication between different systems, and communication with peripherals
powerful computers could have several processors handling different tasks, however, there will need to be one central processing unit manipulating the flow of instructions and data from the subsidiary processors
the amount stored is measured in bits, bytes, Kbytes K, Kb, 103 bytes, Megabytes Mb, 106 bytes, Gigabytes Gb, 109, Terabytes Tb, 1012
main memory or internal or primary memory is critical for the operation on the computer, all data and
fastest access - any byte could be accessed equally rapidly random access, hence method . RAM
temporary - since data and instructions are trapped in main memory as electrical voltages, power failures make the loss of all data in leading memory
secondary memory or auxiliary memory or secondary storage is used in large, permanent or semi-permanent files
input devices include keyboards, mice, trackballs, digitizers, disk drives
output devices include screens, printers, plotters
permanent doesn't disappear when power is deterred, though data is usually erased and modified
dismountable devices could be removed for storage or shipping, include:
up to just one.44 Megabytes for PC - random access
access is sequential, not random
can take minutes to achieve a particular group of data within the tape, according to where it's stored
random access, however the delay in reaching a particular item of data can be 1 second or higher
a volume can be a single tape, CD, diskette or fixed disk, an actual unit of storage
a file is often a logical bunch of data - a table, document, program, map
files are identified from the directory by name, size, date of creation and frequently type of contents
a program is often a sequence of related instructions, performed one step for a time because of the CPU to complete some task
programs figure out how computers react to input, and what will be displayed and output
there are three varieties of programs: os's, language interpreters and compilers and applications programs
in multi-user systems, systems manage user having access to the processor and peripherals and schedule jobs
IBM PCs and clones use MS-DOS referred to as DOS, although there may be some movement to OS/2
UNIX and other operating systems like AIX, XENIX may be the dominant os for workstations
mainframes commonly use proprietary operating systems produced by their manufacturers - VMS on DECs VAX series, PRIMOS on Prime, CMS on IBM mainframes, etc.
although functions performed by systems are similar, it could be very difficult to move files or software from a single to another
many software systems run under only one os, or have substantially different versions for different os's
since computers run using electricity and binary operations, all instructions executed by computers has to be provided for the CPU in machine code
however, humans don't have to interact with computers with this level
programs could be written in very specialized languages, called assemblers, which permit programmers to consider advantage with the specific capabilities of particular machines by addressing the essential operations directly
most programs are manufactured using standard higher level languages like C, Pascal, FORTRAN, BASIC that happen to be common across most computers, from micro to mainframe
although dangerous languages are usually used inside development of application packages for instance GIS, it can be normally compiled for specific platforms before distribution for the public
includes GIS, word processors, spreadsheets, statistics packages and graphics programs, airline reservation systems, payroll systems
well-known word processors for your IBM PC include Wordstar, WordPerfect and Microsoft Word
are packages created to create, edit, manipulate and analyze data
to be ideal for a database, the information must contain records which provide information about individual cases, people, places, features, etc.
each record inside class of streets might have fields for name, length, surface, type.
field contents might be of many types - numeric or text, fixed or variable length
an airline reservation database may have the following classes of records and associated items: passengers: name, phone, flight numbers aircraft: type, registration plate, amount of seats crew: names of pilot, copilot, cabin crew, home city flight: number, departure and arrival times, aircraft
creating and editing records, using customized screens
printing reports summarizes of teams of records, using customized report forms, including subtotals and totals
linking records, to find out arrival time for any passenger by linking the passengers record together with the correct flight record
network, hierarchical and relational vary ways of modeling data inside a database
although all three are utilized, the relational model continues to be most successful within GIS
well-known relational database management systems RDBMSs include dBase, Oracle, Info
many databases makes use of the same language, SQL Standard Query Language, for formulating queries
column and row totals, percentages etc. are automatically updated as data merchandise is changed
database functions, including editing, printing reports
capabilities for graphic output, particularly graphs but some also produce maps
common mainframe packages are SAS, SPSS, BMD
Maguire, , 1989. Computers in Geography, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Current reviews and comparisons of numerous hardware and software are published frequently, particularly for your DOS environment in magazines for instance Byte and PC Magazine.
Numerous texts can be found at various numbers of sophistication for os, editors, compilers and common applications programs.
1. Compare the info storage needs of a the information which will be transmitted with the EOS satellites on the 1990s, that may generate approximately 1 Terabyte/day, b the US Bureau with the Censuss TIGER files of street networks, which add up to about 10 Gigabytes and therefore are updated every a decade, and c a database of 100 Megabytes suitable for use within a one-time environmental impact study
2. User expectations about data volumes rise no less than as rapidly as being the capacity of accessible storage devices. Discuss.
3. Why do you think your computer industry has become unable to agree using a common os? or single source language?
4. Describe the functional differences between databases, spreadsheets and statistical packages. Which would be more great for a research within a university department, b administrative record-keeping in the small business, c personal budget planning?
Philosophy of Computer Science William J. Rapaport Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Philosophy, Department of Linguistics,.
10 CONTENTS 4. Spurious Keys and Unicity Distance 88 Chapter 6. Historical Stream Ciphers 93 1. Introduction To Symmetric Ciphers 93 2. Stream Cipher Basics 95.
Common Core State StandardS for english Language arts Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and technical Subjects.
The lecture notes on this section were transcribed through the professors handwritten notes by graduate student Pavitra Krishnaswamy. The handwritten notes may be found for the Lectures and Recitations page on the original 6.006 Web site.
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Searching I: graph search, representations, and applications PDF - 1.6 MB
Searching II: breadth-first search and depth-first search PDF - 1.3 MB
Dynamic programming I: memoization, Fibonacci, Crazy Eights, guessing PDF
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Demos: square reason behind 2, chord length
Source code ZIP This zip file includes: files, files, file, and file.
Beyond 6.006: follow-on classes, geometric folding algorithms PDF
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